8000 steps a day keep the doctor away

Stens NA et al. Relationship of Daily Step Counts to All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, October 2023.

A recent study has not only determined the optimal number of daily steps to maximize health benefits but has also underscored the advantages of brisk walking. The data showed that for a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and premature death, around 8,000 steps per day is the target. These 8,000 steps are roughly 6.4 kilometers daily, considering the average human stride length (76 centimeters for men and 67 centimeters for women). The study emphasizes the superiority of brisk walking over a slower pace, particularly in reducing the risk of cardiovascular mortality, where the most significant benefits occur around 7,000 steps.  This comprehensive study, based on a systematic review of 12 international studies encompassing over 110,000 participants, finds no discernible gender differences. It also highlights that faster walking is associated with a decreased mortality risk, regardless of the total daily step count. Notably, the method used for tracking steps (smartwatch, wrist-based activity tracker, or smartphone) does not impact the recommended step targets. Researchers insist that increasing the number of steps is never harmful. Even walking as many as 16,000 steps a day can bring additional benefits, although the differences in risk reduction are marginal. The ideal step count should be age-appropriate, with younger individuals setting higher targets compared to older individuals. Ultimately, the study aims to provide clear and easily measurable daily step goals, complementing international physical activity recommendations, which recommend 150-300 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week. The convenience of step counting, facilitated by the widespread use of smartphones and smartwatches, makes this approach more accessible for many.  This study shows that even modest increases in daily steps can yield substantial health benefits, encouraging those with low levels of physical activity to set modest, achievable, and incremental goals.

Rats may have an imagination too

Lai et al. Volitional activation of remote place representations with a hippocampal brain–machine interface. Science, November 2023.

Humans and animals seem to share the ability to imagine and think beyond their immediate surroundings. In a recent scientific revelation, researchers have discovered that rats, similar to humans, possess the ability to imagine places and objects not physically present. Leveraging a unique combination of virtual reality technology and a brain-machine interface (BMI), scientists have found that rats can generate neural activity patterns associated with specific locations and objects, even in the absence of their physical presence. This ability to imagine distant locations is crucial for the recollection of past events and the conceptualization of potential future scenarios, indicating that animals, like humans, have a form of imagination. The researchers developed a real-time “thought detector” through the BMI, establishing a direct correlation between neural activity and a comprehensive 360-degree VR arena. This framework enabled researchers  to effectively measure and decode cognitive processes taking place in the rat’s brain.. Beyond highlighting the mental sophistication of animals, this research has the potential to catalyze advancements in the rapidly evolving field of Neuroprosthesis. Neuroprosthesis encompasses the utilization of brain functions to operate and control various technological devices such as artificial limbs, robotic arms, or hearing implants. This study opens up new avenues for exploring the intricacies of animal cognition and its potential implications for the development of cutting-edge neuroscientific technologies.

The remains of an ancient planet Theia lie deep within Earth

Yuan et al. Moon-forming impactor as a source of Earth’s basal mantle anomalies. Nature. November, 2023

In the 1980s, geophysicists made a remarkable discovery deep within the Earth: two colossal, continent-sized structures of mysterious material nestled beneath the African continent and the Pacific Ocean. Known as Large Low-Velocity Provinces (LLVPs), these massive anomalies, each approximately twice the size of the Moon, exhibit elemental compositions distinct from the surrounding mantle. A recent study has put forward a captivating hypothesis, proposing an origin for these perplexing formations. Researchers suggest that the LLVPs are remnants of an ancient planet that violently collided with Earth billions of years ago, coinciding with the monumental impact that birthed the Moon. This study also offers a solution to another long-standing planetary science mystery. While the formation of the Moon following a colossal collision between Earth and a smaller planet named Theia has been widely theorized, no evidence of Theia’s existence has ever been discovered in the asteroid belt or meteorites. The new study postulates that a substantial portion of Theia was absorbed into a young Earth, forming the LLVPs, while the remaining debris from the collision coalesced to form the Moon. Simulations suggest that the impact could have led to the formation of both the LLVPs and the Moon. The upper mantle absorbed much of the impact’s energy, resulting in Earth’s lower mantle being cooler than previously estimated. Consequently, the iron-rich material from Theia endured and settled near the base of the mantle. This finding has implications for understanding Earth’s early formation, including processes like plate tectonics. It suggests that the LLVPs have an ancient origin and may have influenced the planet’s early development, such as the onset of subduction and the formation of the first continents.

God has created the universe in a perfect system. A person who correctly reads the “book of the universe” will immediately notice this wonderful order and harmony prevailing in existence. For instance, all the food and drink provided for our use serve a purpose. When consumed correctly and in moderation, it becomes apparent that they are perfectly aligned with the needs of the human body.

Every part of the realm of existence is in harmony within the measures of creation. As a part of this realm, a human being should also adhere to such a system and seek harmony in the learning process. Reading, learning, evaluating, and then transforming knowledge into a product cannot be effectively implemented without a system. Otherwise, the acquired knowledge may become an unnecessary burden, leading to confusion and potentially throwing a person off balance. Just like mixing incompatible chemicals in a laboratory can result in something dangerous and harmful instead of the expected benefits.

Some individuals read everything that comes their way without any particular order, choice, or consideration of their needs. By doing so, they place very inconsistent, disorganized, and unregulated knowledge in their minds; you see them saying very strange things in unexpected places. Due to the lack of systematic reasoning and a structured approach to reading, their views may significantly vary from one day to the next. What they considered accurate yesterday, they may deem it incorrect today. Occasionally, they present four different views on the same day. One would hope that at least two of these views would align harmoniously. Yet, alas, all four differ from one another, with each one contradicting the others. Strangely, they perceive all these perspectives as correct, defending them vehemently and asserting their validity.

One crucial way to cultivate systematic thinking and safeguard oneself from intellectual deviations is by understanding established truths and essential fundamental disciplines. Subsequently, acquired knowledge should undergo scrutiny in light of these foundations. When looking at this matter from the perspective of religious sciences – such as in the case of Islam – it is imperative to first grasp the fundamental principles of the Qur’an and the Sunnah. It is then essential to study how the Companions of Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, and the pious predecessors comprehended these principles. Afterward, familiarize oneself with the extensive body of work encompassing the approaches and interpretations of authoritative scholars and jurists, who serve as the intellectual heirs of subsequent generations. Only with such a foundation can one accurately address issues pertaining to Islamic sciences, present a well-founded perspective on these matters, and ensure that the views expressed are handled within a structured framework.

Our brain’s neurons can store a wealth of information from every book read, effectively transmitting multiple files to the cortex. However, without adhering to a systematic approach and without being tested against the fundamental disciplines of the relevant field of knowledge, this process yields nothing but a jumble of information. Consequently, the outcome becomes a multitude of unstructured and undisciplined thoughts, leading to uncertain destinations.

Moreover, it is crucial to develop and systematize the accumulated knowledge passed down from our predecessors, elucidating obscure points, and adapting it to contemporary needs while considering the demands of our time.  In the words of Imam Shafi’i, “May God be pleased with the pious predecessors for accomplishing significant tasks that needed to be done. May Allah also be pleased with them for leaving many tasks for us to complete.” It’s important to remember that each individual is a product of their time. As human beings are not timeless entities, their thoughts are influenced by a particular era they live in. With the passage of time, these thoughts undergo transformations, reflecting the interpretations of their times, which affect their forms, patterns, and even colors.

The Qur’an is the word of God; for that matter it is timeless, and time cannot affect it. Similarly, the rulings clearly specified by our Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) cannot undergo changes over time, as elucidated in his sayings. However, time comes into play in certain rulings, which are open to interpretation. In fact, the authoritative scholars took this into consideration in their legal opinions. It is imperative to proceed with this perspective in mind, consistently taking into account the interpretation of time for the tasks that require attention in our era.

In today’s interconnected world, resembling a global village, we coexist under the same roof with others, a reality that should not be overlooked.  Furthermore, contemporary life brings about unprecedented distractions, occupying people’s minds more than ever. Additionally, the diversification of knowledge fields has led to the subdivision of once-unified scientific disciplines into various subfields, each nurturing its own experts. Unlike the past, it is no longer feasible for a single individual to assert authority over every matter today. Hence, it is essential to acknowledge these factors when seeking solutions to modern-day issues. The most effective approach lies not in individual action but in the establishment of scientific committees tasked with comprehensive examination, considering every aspect. Established committees, whether dedicated to fields such as interpretation, hadith, jurisprudence, theology, or the methodologies of these disciplines, should diligently reexamine the issues. They must scrutinize matters in the light of primary sources, account for the contemporary context, consider the interpretation of the time, and undertake a fresh classification and organization of these matters. Such an approach will facilitate contemporary access to the wealth of knowledge in these areas, fostering comfortable learning and ultimately maximizing their overall utility and benefit.

The room was silent, save for the gentle ticking of the clock on the wall. Every tick resonated with exquisite clarity, accentuating the significance of each passing second, while the echoes reverberated through the stillness of the space. I sat down at my desk, ready to immerse myself in the world of creativity and productivity. My mind brimmed with ideas and aspirations, eager to transform them into reality. But as I poised my fingers over the keyboard, a familiar pang of distraction tugged at my concentration.

Distractions. They seem to infiltrate our lives like mischievous specters, beckoning us away from what truly matters. They come in various forms—internal and external, subtle and overt—constantly testing our resolve and threatening to derail us from our path.

I pondered my own distractions, peering into the depths of my mind. The first one to reveal itself was the siren call of social media. Its allure, a never-ending stream of updates, likes, and comments, was hard to resist. Scrolling through timelines and newsfeeds became an insidious habit, nibbling away at my precious time. Not only did social media offer a constant source of entertainment, but it also provided a platform for comparison. The carefully curated lives of others, adorned with filters and highlights, often left me feeling inadequate and disconnected from my own journey. It was as if every minute spent scrolling was a minute lost, a minute where my aspirations languished in the shadow of someone else’s success.

Then, there was the allure of procrastination, a tempting mistress with countless guises. It cunningly whispered, “You can do it later,” as I found myself lured into the labyrinth of mindless tasks, trivial errands, and endless YouTube videos. Time slipped through my fingers like sand, leaving behind a sense of unease and unfulfilled potential. The act of procrastination, I realized, was not merely a result of laziness or lack of motivation. It was often rooted in fear—an apprehension of failure, of not living up to expectations, or of venturing into the unknown. Procrastination became a comfortable refuge, shielding me from the discomfort and vulnerability that accompanied creative endeavors. It was a defense mechanism, a way to preserve my ego and avoid the possibility of disappointment.

Moreover, the incessant demands of daily life often crept into my thoughts like stealthy thieves. My responsibilities, obligations, and the expectations of others vied for my attention, leaving me feeling torn and overwhelmed. It seemed that the more I wanted to concentrate on my true passions, the more the world conspired to distract me. The weight of societal pressures and the fear of falling short threatened to suffocate my creative spirit. The pressures to conform, to achieve conventional definitions of success, and to live up to the standards set by others created a constant undercurrent of anxiety. It was as if the path I yearned to walk on—my own unique and authentic path—was perpetually obstructed by a multitude of “shoulds” and “musts.”

Meanwhile, the outside world seeped in through the cracks of the windows, teasing me with snippets of life unfolding beyond the confines of my sanctuary. The distant sound of traffic—a constant reminder of the ceaseless activity beyond our walls. The melodious chirping of birds in the garden, once a soothing symphony, now felt like an invitation to daydream, tempting me to abandon my focus and wander into the realms of imagination. Even the benign ticking of the clock, which initially seemed like a gentle companion, gradually transformed into a reminder of time slipping away, exacerbating my sense of urgency and feeding the restlessness within me.

Yet, amidst the cacophony of distractions, I realized that the power to cope and remain focused lay within me. It required a delicate interplay, a skillful balance between self-discipline and self-compassion. I first began by acknowledging the potency of my distractions, treating them not as adversaries but as allies in disguise. Instead of fighting against them, I invited them to the stage and allowed them to perform their mesmerizing routines.

When social media beckoned, tempting me with its endless allure, I came to view it not as a mindless time sink but as a vast playground of ideas and connections. I learned to harness its power in moderation, setting specific time limits, while also surrounding myself with kindred spirits who shared my passion for growth and artistic expression. Engaging in meaningful conversations and collaborations became a source of profound inspiration, fueling my own creative journey. By embracing social media as a catalyst for growth and connection, it transformed from a hindrance into a supportive force.

Even procrastination, once seen as the bane of productivity, took on a new light. I discovered that creative minds need moments of respite and mental incubation. Procrastination became a form of active rest—a deliberate pause to recharge and rejuvenate—knowing that a rested mind could produce better work. I learned to discern when it was a sign of needing rest and replenishment, and when it was a disguise for fear or resistance. By nurturing self-awareness, I could navigate this delicate balance and harness it as a stepping stone towards creative breakthroughs.

However, the demands of daily life remained a persistent challenge. The responsibilities, obligations, and expectations that tugged at my attention threatened to drown out the whispers of my true passions. It was during these moments that I turned to self-compassion and prioritization. I recognized that it was impossible to please everyone or fulfill every expectation placed upon me. I had to discern between what truly mattered to me and what was merely noise in the background.  

Therefore, establishing boundaries was crucial to ensure that my time and energy were directed toward activities aligned with my priorities and values. I consciously limited my exposure to social media, relegating it to designated breaks. I even assigned a specific day for leisurely pursuits, embracing the art of doing nothing without guilt. This structured approach created a sense of order and clarity, empowering me to navigate distractions with purpose and intention. To strengthen my focus, I implemented mindfulness practices. I discovered that by observing my thoughts and emotions with curiosity rather than judgment, I could create a space between myself and the distractions. Meditation and deep breathing exercises became my anchors, allowing me to root myself in the present moment and navigate the tempest of diversions.

Additionally, I found solace in the power of routine. By cultivating consistent habits and rituals, I could reduce decision fatigue and eliminate the need to negotiate with distractions each day. I created a sacred writing space, adorned with inspirational quotes and objects, a sanctuary where distractions were politely asked to wait outside. This physical space served as a tangible reminder of my commitment to my craft, a dedicated haven where focus and creativity could flourish.

However, it wasn’t enough to merely cope with distractions; I yearned to find true meaning in life and forge a path that aligned with my deepest values. I embarked on a journey of self-discovery, questioning the purpose of my existence and the legacy I wished to leave behind. I sought experiences that nourished my soul—nature walks that filled me with awe, conversations that ignited my curiosity, and artistic expression that allowed me to tap into the depths of my being. In the silence of introspection, I discovered that meaning was not an elusive destination but an ever-evolving process. It lay in the pursuit of development, the cultivation of relationships, and the exploration of one’s passions. I realized that true fulfillment came not from external achievements but from embracing the present moment, savoring the small joys, and nurturing the connections that imbued life with purpose.

To move forward on my chosen path, I learned to let go of societal expectations and comparisons. I recognized that my journey was unique and incomparable to others. Each step I took, no matter how small, became a testament to my courage and determination. I celebrated progress, not perfection, and reveled in the beauty of embracing imperfections. Yet, even armed with newfound knowledge and coping strategies, there were moments when doubt and uncertainty crept in, casting shadows on my sense of purpose. In those instances, I reminded myself of the ultimate purpose that anchored me—the deep longing within my soul to create, to express, and to contribute to the tapestry of human experience.

I surrounded myself with reminders of my purpose—a vision board adorned with my dreams, quotes that resonated with my soul, and the stories of those who had walked similar paths: artists, thinkers, and creators who faced their own distractions and emerged stronger on the other side. Their tales reminded me that the pursuit of meaning and the struggle with distractions were universal experiences, shared by those who dared to forge their own paths. In their stories, I found inspiration and guidance, knowing that the challenges I faced were not insurmountable. These reminders became beacons of light, illuminating my way forward and reminding me that the distractions were transient and inconsequential in the grand symphony of life.

Life, I realized, rarely unfolds according to our meticulously crafted plans, and unexpected detours often lead to the most profound discoveries. I discovered that meaning was not a fixed destination, but a continuous voyage—an ever-evolving tapestry woven through the interplay of distractions and focus, challenges and triumphs. It was in navigating this labyrinth that I found purpose, fulfillment, and a deep sense of alignment with my truest self. As I journeyed forward, distractions no longer posed as hindrances but as companions in this dynamic rhythm of life. Their presence reminded me of the inherent ebb and flow, the delicate balance between discipline and surrender, and the ever-present invitation to explore new realms of creativity and growth.

And so, as I sat down at my desk once again, I could feel the words flowing from my fingertips, igniting a profound sense of alignment—a deep connection between my innermost self and the work I was creating. The distractions, once perceived as hindrances, transformed into opportunities for progress and introspection. They reminded me to appreciate the journey, to savor the process, and to find fulfillment in the act of creation itself.

In those moments, I was not just writing; I was living. I was transcending the distractions and entering a state of flow—an effortless immersion in the present moment where time ceased to exist and the outside world faded away. It was through this inner dialogue that I uncovered my true passion and purpose, freeing myself from the grip of superficial distractions.

“Do you not see how God strikes a parable of a good word: (a good word is) like a good tree its roots holding firm (in the ground) and its branches in heaven. It yields its fruit in every season due by its Lord’s leave. So God strikes parables for human beings, in order that they may reflect on them and infer the necessary lessons. And the parable of a corrupt word is that of a corrupt tree uprooted from upon the earth, having no constancy.” (Ibrahim 24-26)

Daily, we communicate with others and sometimes talk to ourselves (self-talk). In these actions, we can pick words that might be interpreted negatively or positively by other parties. We might be more optimistic or pessimistic in our relationship with others and ourselves. Yet, it is critical to understand how your choice of communication style will influence not only others but also yourself. In these communications, we use words to shape our thoughts, influencing our actions and emotions. We all experience how positive words might uplift and inspire us. On the other hand, negative words might harm our emotions, psychology, and even our physical body.

In their book titled Words Can Change Your Brain, Dr. Andrew Newberg, a neuroscientist at Thomas Jefferson University, and Mark Robert Waldman, a communications expert, state that “a single word has the power to influence the expression of genes that regulate physical and emotional stress.” Using negative words can evoke strong emotional responses. When we hear or read negative words, such as “failure,” “disappointment,” or “hopeless,” our emotional state can quickly shift from optimism to despair. Negative language potentially causes a climate of fear, anxiety, and sadness, leading to emotional distress and decreased overall well-being [1]. Furthermore, the use of negative words also result in self-doubt and lower self-esteem, thereby hindering  personal growth, resilience, and our ability to achieve our goals.

The experimental study called “Do words hurt?” [2] showed that negative words release stress and anxiety-inducing hormones. Other research also showed that when we repeatedly hear negative words, our cognitive processes become attuned to negative thinking patterns. This negativity bias can distort our perception of reality, making us more likely to focus on the negative aspects of situations while disregarding the positive. Over time, this can lead to a pessimistic worldview, feelings of worthlessness, making it difficult to find joy, hope, and optimism in life.

Negative words also affect our mental health. Whether spoken by others or directed inwardly as self-talk, they can harm our sense of self-worth, contribute to anxiety and depression, and impede our overall psychological well-being. In the case of depression, negative words can deepen the sense of despair and contribute to a negative worldview. Continuous exposure to negative language can reinforce feelings of sadness, drain motivation, and hinder the ability to find joy or meaning in life. At this point, it is essential to highlight that these negative words might come from different sources, such as your interaction with friends, co-workers, family members, and most importantly, your exposure to social media.

Now we should talk about two important concepts: self-talk and pessimism. Self-talk, or, internal dialogue, plays an essential role in our health. The words we speak to ourselves, whether positive or negative, significantly impact our well-being. Negative self-talk can cause a toxic internal environment, leading to a vicious cycle of negative emotions and self-perception. A study found a significant association between increased levels of anxiety and negative self-talk in children [3]. Ultimately, negative words, whether spoken, heard, or thought, not only cause situational stress, but also contribute to long-term anxiety. On the other hand, pessimism causes mental and physical health problems as well as contributes to stress. Pessimism can hinder people’s ability to cope with life challenges and can strain relationships with others by causing a constant negative atmosphere.

Finally, our physical health is also affected by negative words and language. Research has shown that chronic exposure to negative language can lead to increased long-term stress levels, compromised immune function, and cardiovascular problems [4]. When we encounter negative words, our bodies react by releasing stress hormones like cortisol. Prolonged exposure to cortisol can weaken the immune system, making us more susceptible to illnesses. Furthermore, it can disrupt our sleep patterns, impair digestion, and even contribute to weight gain. The mind-body connection is a powerful phenomenon, and negative words can disrupt this delicate balance, ultimately affecting our overall health.

Insights from religion

One of religion’s primary teachings and goals is to guide people to be good humans by attaining the best character. That is why religion takes a holistic approach and emphasizes the interconnectedness of the mind and body at both the individual and societal level. Abrahamic religions underline the power of the spoken word and its potential to shape reality. In the Bible, specifically in the book of Proverbs, it is written, “Death and life are in the power of the tongue, and those who love it will eat its fruits” (Proverbs 18:21). This verse underscores the profound impact of our words on our lives and those around us. Negative statements, such as harsh criticism, insults, or cursing, can potentially harm the recipient and the speaker. For instance, the teachings of Islam tell believers to avoid gossip and slander, recognizing that such behaviors not only harm the target but also affect the mental state of the speaker. Judaism also teaches the importance of “Shalom” or peace and well-being, so living in harmony with others and avoiding negative speech can contribute to peaceful societies.

In the Islamic tradition, the Qur’an and the Prophet’s tradition emphasize the significance of using positive language and caution against the harmful effects of negative words. “Tell My believing servants to say only what is best. Satan certainly seeks to sow discord among them. Satan is indeed a sworn enemy to humankind” (Qur’an, Isra 53). God encourages believers to speak in a manner that promotes harmony, compassion, and empathy. Negative words, on the other hand, foster discord, hurt, and, lead to emotional distress and strain on relationships. The following hadith also highlights the importance of using kind and gentle words in our interactions. Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) exemplified the power of positive speech, emphasizing the impact of kind words on emotional well-being. He stated, “Verily, God is gentle, and He loves gentleness. He rewards for gentleness what is not granted for harshness, and He does not reward anything else like it” (Muslim 2593). He also stated, “The believer does not insult others, he does not curse others, he is not vulgar, and he is not shameless” (Tirmidhi 1977).

Negative words can disrupt the delicate balance of the human body, leading to stress, anxiety, and even physical ailments. Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) emphasized the importance of guarding one’s speech, stating, “Whoever believes in God and the Last Day should speak good or remain silent” (Bukhari 6136). This wisdom highlights the importance of a positive mindset, refraining from negative self-talk, and promoting uplifting language in our interactions. Finally, the Qur’an offers guidance to individuals experiencing emotional distress. It encourages seeking comfort in prayer, remembrance of God, and connecting with positive and supportive individuals: “Those who have believed and whose hearts find rest and contentment in remembrance of, and whole-hearted devotion, to God. Be aware that it is remembrance of and whole-hearted devotion to God that hearts find rest and contentment” (Rad 28). These practices and avoiding negative words can significantly improve mental well-being and foster a positive psychological state.

The remedy

Understanding the detrimental effects of negative words emphasizes the significance of cultivating a positive linguistic environment. Positive language can uplift our spirits, inspire us to achieve our goals, and foster healthier relationships. Using positive words can pave the way for a more optimistic outlook, boost self-esteem, and enhance overall well-being. Practicing positive self-talk is particularly crucial. Replacing self-criticism and negative inner dialogue with positive affirmations can transform our mindset and improve our mental health.

Fostering positive language in our interactions can contribute to the establishment of a supportive and nurturing environment, thereby fostering stronger social connections and enhanced mental and emotional well-being. It is imperative to surround ourselves with supportive individuals who uplift us and promote positive communication. By choosing our social circle wisely, we can fashion a space that nurtures our mental health and well-being.

In the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, the use of negative words and pessimism is discouraged, as they are seen as counterproductive and potentially harmful to individuals and society. These traditions emphasize the power of words and encourage the use of honest, constructive, and kind language. Criticism is welcomed for improvement and growth, but pessimism is viewed as a lack of faith and hope in God’s plan. Islam emphasizes cultivating positive speech, which contributes to emotional well-being, physical health, and psychological balance. We should choose our words wisely, avoid negativity, and spread peace and harmony in our interactions with others to benefit ourselves and society. To conclude, let us end with a verse from the Quran serving as a comprehensive guiding principle: “Goodness and evil can never be equal. Repel evil with what is better (or best). Then see: the one between whom and you there was enmity has become a bosom friend (Fussilat 34).

References

• https://treehouserecovery.com/addiction-blog/the-impact-of-negative-language/
• Richter, M., Eck, J., Straube, T., Miltner, W. H., & Weiss, T. (2010). Do words hurt? Brain activation during the processing of pain-related words. Pain, 148(2), 198-205.
• Lodge, J., Harte, D. K., & Tripp, G. (1998). Children’s self-talk under conditions of mild anxiety. Journal of anxiety disorders, 12(2), 153-176.
• Dhabhar, F. S. (2014). Effects of stress on immune function: the good, the bad, and the beautiful. Immunologic research, 58, 193-210.

Halal is an Arabic word that means “lawful or permitted.” It is a term used in the Islamic religion in contrast with the word haram which means “unlawful or not allowed.” While these terms refer to much more than just dietary practices and indicate which life practices are allowed or not allowed for those who practice Islam, they are most often used for food and drinks. Depending on their formulations, medications, too, need to be evaluated for their halal compliance.

Medicines consist of numerous ingredients, encompassing both active and inactive components that necessitate careful consideration when discussing the halal status of a drug. Thus, it becomes imperative to understand the composition of medicinal ingredients and the intricacies involved in drug formulation before assessing their halal compliance. This article delves into an exploration of drug ingredients and formulations, while the subsequent article in the next issue will address the potential implications of these factors on the halal status of medicines.

Pharmaceutical formulation

A pharmaceutical formulation refers to the combination of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and various inactive components, culminating in the production of the final medicinal product. After undergoing various processes, the active drug is combined with other components, with careful consideration given to factors such as particle size, polymorphism, pH, and chemical solubility. Through evaluation of these chemical properties, the final beneficial medicinal product is meticulously crafted. Equally important is the design, development, and validation of the chosen drug product to guarantee its safety, effectiveness, and consistent delivery of the intended therapeutic benefits. Prudent selections of appropriate ingredients, dosage forms, manufacturing techniques, and packaging are crucial for optimizing the drug’s properties and ensuring its long-term stability.

The active ingredient represents the primary chemical component responsible for the desired therapeutic effect. Each inactive ingredient within the formulation serves a specific purpose, ensuring optimal product performance and compliance. Any additional ingredient not integral to the drug formulation is strictly excluded. Consequently, each ingredient present serves a necessary function. Various types of drugs exist, and common inactive ingredients in tablet formulations, for instance, encompass diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, colorants, and specialized additives that can modulate drug release or facilitate absorption. Among these, diluents, binders, disintegrants, and lubricants are prevalent in tablet formulations and fulfill the roles implied by their names. An effective drug formulation must be both manufacturable and chemically and physically stable throughout the manufacturing process and the product’s shelf life. It should contain a precise dosage of the active pharmaceutical ingredient that can be easily absorbed by the human body. Moreover, it must adhere to numerous quality standards and specific requirements to guarantee both efficacy and safety. Additionally, the cost-effectiveness of each added ingredient should also be taken into consideration. Establishing a clear target product profile is crucial for ensuring the efficacy and focus of the formulation process. This profile typically encompasses the chosen route of administration, specific dosage form and size, any unique delivery requirements, as well as parameters related to the pharmaceutical appearance. Factors that influence the target product profile often include existing competing drugs in the market and the characteristics of the target patient population. For instance, pediatric formulations might necessitate the development of chewable tablets or suspensions. Moreover, individual circumstances, such as certain patients being unable to take the drug orally, may require alternative modes of administration. The formulation development process involves several stages, each playing   a crucial role in the successful development of a drug product:

1. Pre-formulation studies: This step entails the thorough analysis of a drug’s physical, chemical, and mechanical attributes to determine the optimal ingredients for its preparation. These studies evaluate the chemical properties of the drug substance, such as solubility, stability, and compatibility with other excipients. The results from pre-formulation studies help in formulation design and evaluation, which are in the second stage.
2. Formulation design and evaluation: This is the process of selecting the appropriate dosage form and excipients for the drug substance. The dosage form can be solid, liquid, semisolid, or dispersion depending on the physical and chemical properties of the drug and the target patient population. The ingredients are selected based on their compatibility with the drug substance, their function in the formulation, and their safety profile. The particle size, polymorphism, pH, and solubility of the ingredients can influence the activity of a drug. The drug must be combined with inactive ingredients by a method that ensures that the quantity of drug is consistent in each dosageunit, for example in each tablet. The dosage should have a uniform appearance, with an acceptable taste, tablet hardness, and capsule disintegration and even color.
3. Manufacturing and process development: Process development is the optimization of the manufacturing process to ensure consistent quality, yield, and purity of the drug product. The manufacturing process is designed to ensure that the drug product meets the required specifications and is produced in compliance with regulatory requirements.  The appropriate scale of the manufacturing process needs to be consistent with the needs of pre-clinical, clinical, and commercial requirements for the drug product. 
4. Analytical development and characterization: Analytical methods must be developed to ensure that the drug product meets the identity, purity, and potency specifications and requirements. The purity and potency of a drug product are measured and residual water, critical excipient levels and other impurities, drug dissolution or release, pH, osmolarity, appearance, particle size, and other critical quality attributes are also tested.
5. Stability and shelf-life: Stability testing is a critical aspect of the formulation development process. It ensures that the drug product maintains its quality and efficacy over time because the drugs are stored at pharmacies and stores for long periods of time. Pharmaceutical stability testing encompasses the storage of the drug product under various environmental conditions, including temperature, humidity, and light, while monitoring its physical and chemical properties over a period. The data obtained from these tests aids in establishing the optimal storage conditions and determining the shelf-life of the drug product. The drug formulation is also influenced by the chosen route of administration, which can vary significantly. With various routes of administration available, the formulations may undergo modifications accordingly.

Enteral formulations: Oral drugs are normally taken as tablets or capsules. The active drug must exhibit controlled solubility in aqueous solutions, with the dissolution process being significantly influenced by factors such as particle size and crystal form. It’s important to note that fast dissolution rates are not always optimal. For instance, slower dissolution rates can extend the duration of action or prevent initial high plasma levels, serving specific therapeutic objectives. A tablet is usually a compressed preparation that contains:

• 5-10% of the drug (active substance)
• 80% of fillers, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, and binders
• 10% of compounds which ensure easy disintegration, disaggregation, and dissolution of the tablet in the stomachor the intestine.

Formulation studies revolve around drug preparation that is both stable and well-tolerated by patients. For orally administered drugs, this usually involves incorporating the drug into a tablet or a capsule. It is important to make the distinction that a tablet contains a variety of other potentially inert substances apart from the drug itself, and studies have to be carried out to ensure that the encapsulated drug is compatible with these other substances in a way that does not cause direct or indirect harm to the patient.

The dissolution time of a tablet or capsule can be adjusted to achieve either rapid absorption or sustained release. Special coatings can render the tablet resistant to stomach acids, allowing the drug to disintegrate only in the duodenum, jejunum, or colon due to enzymatic action or an alkaline pH. Pills can be coated with sugar, varnish, or wax to disguise the taste. There are other forms of oral drugs. A capsule is a gelatinous envelope enclosing the active substance. Capsules can be designed to remain intact for some hours after ingestion in order to delay absorption. They may also contain a mixture of slow and fast release particles to produce rapid and sustained absorption in the same dose.

There are a number of methods by which tablets and capsules can be modified in order to allow for sustained release of the active compound as it moves through the digestive tract. One of the most common methods is to embed the active ingredient in an insoluble porous matrix, such that the dissolving drug must make its way out of the matrix before it can be absorbed. In other sustained release formulations, the matrix swells to form a gel through which the drug exits.

Another method by which sustained release is achieved is through an osmotic controlled-release oral delivery system, where the active compound is encased in a water-permeable membrane with a laser drilled hole at one end. As water passes through the membrane the drug is pushed out through the hole and into the digestive tract where it can be absorbed.

Another category of drugs, known as parenteral formulations or injectable formulations, is administered via various routes such as intravenous (into the vein), subcutaneous (under the skin), intramuscular (into the muscles), and intra-articular (into the joints). These drugs are typically stored in liquid form, while unstable drugs are stored in lyophilized form. Liquid drugs are stored in vials, intravenous bags, ampoules, cartridges, and prefilled syringes. As with solid formulations, liquid formulations combine the drug product with a variety of compounds to ensure a stable active medication following storage. These include solubilizers, stabilizers, buffers, tonicity modifiers, bulking agents, viscosity enhancers/reducers, surfactants, chelating agents, and adjuvants.

Another form of the parenteral formulation is lyophilized drugs. Lyophilized drugs are stored in vials, cartridges, dual chamber syringes, and prefilled mixing systems. Lyophilization or freeze drying, is a process that removes water from a liquid drug creating a solid powder or cake. The lyophilized product is stable for extended periods of time and could allow storage at higher temperatures. In protein formulations, stabilizers are added to replace the water and preserve the structure of the molecule. Before administration, a lyophilized drug is reconstituted as a liquid before being administered. This is done by combining a liquid diluent with the freeze-dried powder, mixing, then injecting. Reconstitution often necessitates a dedicated system for mixing and administering the drug accurately. Drugs administered via the skin are commonly used in topical formulations. Some options for topical formulations include the following:

Cream: Emulsion of oil and water in approximately equal proportions. Penetrates stratum corneum outer layers of skin well.

Ointment: Combines oil (80%) and water (20%). It makes an effective barrier against moisture loss.

Gel: Liquefies upon contact with the skin.

Paste: Combines three agents – oil, water, and powder; an ointment in which a powder is suspended.

Powder: A finely subdivided solid substance.

Formulated drugs, conversely, are stored within container closure systems for prolonged durations. These systems encompass blisters, bottles, vials, ampules, syringes, and cartridges. Containers can be crafted from diverse materials such as glass, plastic, and metal, accommodating drugs in solid, liquid, or gas form. It is crucial to assess the possibility of any undesirable interactions between the formulation and its container. For example, when a plastic container is utilized, evaluations are conducted to determine whether any of the ingredients become adsorbed onto the plastic surface and whether plasticizers, lubricants, pigments, or stabilizers leach out from the container into the preparation. Even the adhesives used for container labels require testing to verify that they do not permeate the plastic container and affect the preparation. While the chemical properties of the ingredients remain pivotal in drug development, it’s crucial to recognize that containers can also influence these properties. Therefore, the selection of appropriate containers for each drug is paramount. Thus, assessing the halal status of a drug requires consideration not only of the active and inactive ingredients but also of the containers.

In conclusion, a multitude of drug formulations are employed, encompassing various inactive ingredients and containers, which vary based on the chemical properties of the active ingredient and the chosen route of administration. Considering the diverse array of active and inactive ingredients, as well as the containers used, is essential when addressing the halal status of a drug.

References

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_formulation
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562239/ Pharmaceutical Formulation Shanta Afrin; Vikas Gupta.
3. https://ascendiapharma.com/newsroom/2021/11/10/formulation-development
4. https://law.resource.org/pub/my/ibr/ms.2424.2012.pdf
5. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JIMA-06-2021-0192/full/html#ref058

Is the development of modern technology causing people to become programmed octopuses? Are people attempting to do too much at once? Many people learned in school that only octopuses possess independent use of each arm, enabling them to move, touch, and taste with a single motion. Is it a social expectation that people will be able to accomplish the same thing? 

In a matter of seconds, an individual might find themselves inundated with a barrage of beeping noises, flashes of blue light, ceaseless vibrations, music ringtones, and instantaneous notifications on a daily basis. How can anyone manage these outside factors while remaining productive?  It would be very simple to Google every response to these inquiries, but looking for answers elsewhere would be more interesting. A visit to the neighborhood zoo sounded like a unique place to seek unconventional truth and wisdom.

The journey commenced with a ride on public transportation. Amidst the usual clamor of a city bus, a persistent cell phone ringing and buzzing added to the already jarring ambiance. Though challenging to disregard, for now, savoring the moment seemed the wiser choice. A quick scan of the passengers revealed a collective absorption in their electronic devices, their necks uncomfortably craned. Was anyone else intending to sidestep distractions today? The obvious answer was no. Briefly, the window view held more allure than the bustling scene within the packed noon bus. The familiar congestion of city traffic lay unavoidable. Suddenly, an overcast sky, blossoming flowers, and a gentle, damp grass-scented breeze in the distance beckoned. In a burst of volume, the bus driver announced, ‘Next stop, Zoopark.

Visiting the zoo used to be an exhilarating adventure, a time when the anticipation of seeing monkeys, zebras, and giraffes was all that truly mattered, over three decades ago. Today, however, everything feels different. This excursion has transformed into a search for answers, an endeavor to seek out cosmic signs. The zoo now represents the perfect sanctuary, a place to unwind, disconnect, and detach from the ceaseless technological intrusions that constantly besiege humanity. The first act of bravery for the day involved powering down all electronic devices.

At the entrance of the zoo, a life-size T-Rex, an 18-foot giraffe, and a grizzly bear greeted visitors. These meticulously crafted statues were skillfully assembled using recycled materials. As we queued for entry, a school bus arrived, and excited children rushed towards the plastic figures, embracing them and meticulously examining every detail of their construction. Once inside, a lovely nature park with gardens, lakes, and lawns opened into a beautiful wildlife park. Numerous well-maintained habitats and expansive green areas bore more resemblance to jungles, farms, caves, and verdant woods rather than outdated cages or condemned spaces.  Animals strolled freely without posing any threat to visitors or their fellow inhabitants, engaging in playful runs and enjoying peaceful naps or rest in sheltered nooks. The path for visitors was clearly delineated with vibrant arrows, accompanied by the addition of modern metal benches, quaint lakes, wooden bridges, and charming rock pathways. The deer exhibit was the first stop.  About forty white-tail deer were grazing together in what appeared to be a man-made forest. There was no running, chasing, snorting, or bleating.  They were relaxing, napping, exploring, and just enjoying the view.  The environment was serene.  Some were sleeping while others strutted around proudly showing off their antlers.  It was a calm afternoon, and they loved it.

Reflecting on the past, a biology teacher had once asserted that deer were social creatures known for their ability to relish the present moment. Her words rang true. When walking down a hill, a jungle replica emerged in the background.  A magnificent creature was skillfully lying down on a branch. It had the appearance of a large cat. He was light in color with dark spots and was slender but strong.  A skeletal rat that dared to approach his food bowl caught his attention. Anyone could see that the leopard was going after him. But he showed no sign of urgency. He waited for the right moment with patience. The fierce animal was carefully positioned, waiting for the right opportunity to attack.  He remained still, focusing solely on his goal. No yelling or sudden movements. What a wonderful example of patience, knowing that it will materialize at some point.

All instincts led visitors to the indoor exhibits as the drizzle started. An ant colony can be seen within a glass enclosure. Who has ever paid such close attention to these tiny creatures?  There were hundreds of them! In a coordinated procession, they marched in a single file, each one assisting the other in transporting what appeared to be miniature leaves. Working together diligently, they ensured not a single fragment was left behind. A brief glance revealed their unwavering commitment, as not one of these industrious insects strayed from the orderly line.

Adjacent to the ant farm, a captivating exhibit showcasing spiders immediately captured everyone’s attention. Encased in a notably larger, tempered glass enclosure compared to the ants’, the spiders were scattered amidst a lifelike model rainforest, with the majority skillfully navigating their way up and down miniature trees and leafy shrubs. Their unwavering focus while spinning intricate webs was nothing short of impressive. These resilient creatures exhibited remarkable persistence; if their web was ever disrupted, they diligently mended it, persisting until their work was completed. Despite the fleeting nature of time, they displayed a composed determination, steadily working to achieve their goals, a testament to their admirable resilience.

As visitors departed from the zoo, a prominent, brightly lit announcement caught their attention, introducing the latest addition: the Aqua Aquarium, featuring a brand-new exhibit. Much to their amazement, a 24-inch common octopus was showcased within a colossal tank. The observers were left in awe of the mollusk’s remarkable dexterity, effortlessly multitasking with each of its limbs.  How do they manage to eat and swim while seamlessly changing their skin hue? What an impressive display of abilities! It was evident they were flaunting their prowess. This served as a stark reminder that humans, despite their efforts to minimize distractions, are truly unable to multitask simultaneously; this exclusive skill is reserved only for members of this exceptional species.

The bus ride back was notably more tranquil, prompting a medley of contemplations. Deliberately disconnecting from the external world proved to be surprisingly delightful. An unanticipated sense of liberation permeated the atmosphere. Choosing to embrace and savor the present moment, unencumbered by technology and its array of distractions, revealed a realm of boundless possibilities. Why should anyone allow texts, calls, voicemails, emails, and other forms of communication to wield control over their lives? Switching these modes on and off should never instill feelings of obligation or guilt.

When is multitasking necessary to demonstrate our dedication or efficiency? Each individual can make sensible choices about their actions and timing. Why must technology emerge victorious every time? Responses will undoubtedly vary. Nonetheless, one should consciously opt to unwind, exercise self-discipline, and embrace the present moment, irrespective of external distractions, to truly prioritize their concentration. It is crucial to bear in mind the significance of addressing each task individually as it arises. It sounds simpler said than done.

Upon reflection, the tranquil demeanor of the deer at the zoo encapsulated the essence of this sentiment. There was no rationale for fretfulness or hastened existence. Every action, be it feeding, resting, or socializing, adhered to a specific schedule. The magnificent leopard exemplified the virtue of prudence and the importance of methodical planning. No one should be subjected to undue stress by attempting to conclude tasks quickly and simultaneously. The concept of taking one step at a time emerges as a straightforward strategy for accomplishing any objective.

Reminiscing about the distant echoes of the lions’ resounding roars as we passed by their enclosure, an immediate connection was established with their courage. Taking a day off from work to recalibrate and prioritize life required a substantial degree of determination. While it may be a challenging decision to make, everyone should contemplate it. Pausing momentarily to relish life’s smaller joys felt truly extraordinary.

Recognizing the value of collaborating with others to prevent burnout was a hard lesson to grasp. Ants shared the load and carried it collectively rather than individually.  Observing the ants’ collective burden-sharing approach underscored the significance of dividing any task into manageable segments, thereby facilitating a more straightforward focus on individual elements. Allocating dedicated time for concentrated and efficient work entails setting aside unproductive pursuits. Striving for daily productivity is a commendable objective. Furthermore, honing the skill of identifying personal triggers and acknowledging the factors that divert one from their path is an important skill to develop. It’s essential to be surrounded by things that are significant and have an impact. It may be spending time with loved ones, engaging in hobbies, playing with pets, reading a good book, meditating, doing yoga, or anything else that gives a feeling of happiness and fulfillment.

Today was perfect. A visit to the zoo and reconnecting with nature served as a reminder that prioritizing tasks is integral to maintaining focus and minimizing distractions. Managing and adapting to distractions is an ongoing commitment. Disengaging from all electronic devices was undoubtedly challenging; mastering this skill requires practice. Allocating dedicated time slots in one’s schedule can facilitate uninterrupted focus and task completion. Ultimately, it is all about consciously redirecting attention towards significant and meaningful endeavors.

The third discipline: A carnal, evil-commanding soul that has not yet been able to step on the way to refinement through journeying in itself and the outer world, ascribes to itself whatever good and achievement it is favored with, while imputing evils and failures to either external factors and causes or its incorrect, stunted concept of Destiny. Instead of overflowing with thankfulness for whatever favors it receives, it inwardly collapses because of self-pride, conceit, and arrogance, and extinguishes its feelings of thankfulness to and praise for God Almighty. It contaminates its horizon with the filth of such bad morals, and ruins itself. Whereas, if the carnal soul is able to attribute to God all the good and achievements and impute all evils, shortcomings and failures to itself, then it would be favored with blessing after blessing, even in the most unfavorable circumstances. What is necessary is that the carnal soul should see that its perfection lies in its perception and acknowledgment of its imperfection, and that it should always be humble before and devoted to God. The carnal soul should also overflow with thankfulness and zeal by perceiving and acknowledging that its power comes from its helplessness, and its richness lies in its innate poverty.

It is extremely important for us as believers to know that all our merits and accomplishments are from God, while all our imperfections and errors are from our own selves, and that we should keep our system of self-interrogation and self-control alive and active. So long as the travelers to God can do this, they will always yield fruit, even in the most unfavorable circumstances. Whereas, from the moment when aridity arises in their spiritual world due to certain erosions, then only thorns will grow in their climate, even in the most favorable circumstances, and they will hoot like an owl lamenting in ruins.

If human beings were only physical beings, their concerns and worries about corporeality would be meaningful. Seeing a noble being as consisting only of a physical body means reducing it to the level of flesh, which is bound to disintegrate and rot away and be food for microorganisms. This is the most abominable form of despising the noblest and most honorable of all creation. But the actual fact of the matter is that humankind, by virtue of their creation, endowment, and potentials, are more valued and sublime than even the angels. Human beings are much more than being mere body; they are endowed with heart, spirit, and other inward spiritual faculties, with consciousness, intellect, perception, intelligence and other outer and inner senses and feelings. Human beings are an assemblage of values that transcends the physical dimension of their being. Human beings are such precious and well-endowed creatures that they can sometimes fly so high that even the angels desire to catch up with them; sometimes they can reach the peaks which separate the realm of mortal beings from eternity and infinity. Using their mental faculties to the utmost degree, they arrange travel to celestial bodies, and transfer sounds, voices and images from great distances, offering us the most beautiful melodies of time and space shrinking at great speed.

However, despite the extent of their capacity and exceptional nature, humans can fall into a net of hatred, grudges, greed, and lust, becoming the most wretched and abased of all beings. They can be wretched slaves and beggars, despite their nature and capacity to be the masterpieces of creation; they can become nothing more than worms creeping on the earth, despite their potential to be heavenly beings. But if they turn completely to God with all their inner dynamism, overflowing with thankfulness for all the good He has bestowed on them, and impute to themselves all the evils they may commit and shortcomings they may suffer, and if they can attain their essential purity by being cleansed under the taps of self-control and supervision a few times every day, they can set up the tent of true humanity on the debris of evil feelings and passions, and express themselves through accomplishments, without ever losing their humility and feelings of nothingness before God Almighty. This also means discovering themselves anew at every attempt, being fully aware of themselves in their own depths, and experiencing a new revival at every moment. Mawlana Jalalu’d-Din Rumi sees this as the feet of the soul being freed from the fetters of corporeality and the spirit starting to become heavenly. A spirit which has become heavenly also attempts to arrange its own, inner world with its whole power of perception and consciousness, makes incessant efforts to repair the defects standing in the way of its perfection. Such a spirit travels sometimes in the realm that stands before the veil over existence and sometimes beyond it, and goes into ecstasies at every seeing of the depths of its heart. Every such seeing arouses in it a new desire to grow into perfection, and every desire a new zeal for self-renewal. It sees its heart as a home of God and utters:

The heart is the home of God;
purify it of whatever is there other than Him,
so that the All-Merciful may descend into His palace at nights.

The truly and fully human beings cleanse the heart of foul concepts and images, adorn their “secret” with knowledge of God, illuminate their “private” with the torch of love and zeal, and make their “more private” utter loyalty. They are always occupied with the All-Beloved, and ready to sacrifice themselves for His sake. This is their affliction, which is preferred to all cures; they are exhausted with the excitement of being on the way to Him. However, their affliction is sweeter than all cures, and their exhaustion is preferable to every rest or repose. Their affliction causes them to travel through deserts in quest of greater afflictions, saying:

I used to seek a cure for my inward affliction;
they said: “Your cure is the affliction itself.”
I used to seek something to sacrifice in the court of the Beloved;
they said: “Your soul is the thing you seek to sacrifice.”
(M. Lutfi)

The soul also utters, as many have uttered:

I used to seek a cure for my affliction;
I have come to know that my affliction itself is my cure.
I used to try to find that which is hidden in my origin;
I have come to know that my origin is that which is hidden.
(Niyazi Misri)

Many have sung melodies of love about Him, and of separation from Him and yearning to meet with Him with all of their being, as if each part of their bodies were a flute. Concerning this, Mawlana Rumi says:

O heart! You and your suffering for Him exist; ah, how nice it is always to be concerned with Him and suffering for Him! That suffering is, in fact, your cure. So, bear with all the afflictions and troubles coming from Him, without making the least complaint. So does He decree. If you have been able to trample your bodily desires, then you have killed the dog of your carnal soul, which is the thing that should be killed.

The fourth discipline: The carnal soul sees itself as if it were a being which exists independently. It sometimes adopts a manner so refractory and abased that every attitude and act it performs is disobedience and hostility to Him Whom it must unquestionably worship. In reality none other than Him has an independent existence of itself. Every existing being or thing, living or non-living, functions as a mirror to the Names of the All-Exalted Creator with respect to the level of life with which it is favored. Even though the human carnal soul has an exceptional nature and capacity particular to itself among other beings, its existence with whatever it has is from Him, and subsists by Him alone. For this reason, with respect to itself, it is a zero in the face of Eternity, a shadow in the face of the Original Being, and is nothing in the face of the Truly Existent One. Its perception of this is the first step to the attainment of true existence, while thinking otherwise is a lethal stumbling. When one sees oneself as an independent being existing and subsisting by oneself, one rolls headlong into the dark abyss of non-existence. Yet, when one functions as a polished mirror to the Ultimate Truth (having whatever is good and valuable as only a reflection from Him), one is en route to eternity. One smashes the tight frame around one and finds the light of the Existence of the True Being. Concerning this, Muhammad Iqbal says:

In your essence, there is a substance from the Existence of God, and a ray from His manifestation. But for His ocean, I do not know where we would have been able to find this “pearl.”

The following couplet, whose author is not known, relates the matter to the famous saying, “He who knows himself, knows his Lord”:

Know your own self, if you desire to have knowledge of God;
only he who knows his own self, is one who has knowledge of God.

Mawlana Rumi sums up the matter as follows:

So long as a servant is annihilated with respect to his ego and conceit,
it is impossible for him to attain true belief in God and His Unity.
Unity does not mean union with God; it means freedom from ego.
Whoever says otherwise, speaks a lie and cannot make falsehood truth.

To sum up, it is possible to say that, other than the way composed of love, suffering and similar essentials by which one can reach God, there is another way; this is the way of one’s perception and the acknowledgment of one’s own helplessness and poverty before God, and of affection and reflection. This second way is safer and more direct than the former one.

Travelers following such a way in consciousness of their helplessness turn to the One of Infinite Power with all of their being, each saying: “Hold me by the hand, hold because I cannot manage without You.” The more aware they are of their poverty, the more sincerely they take refuge with the Divine Wealth, and attribute to Him whatever in their possession is good and praiseworthy. They are in constant thankfulness and act zealously where others stumble because of their self-pride and utterances that are incompatible with the rules of Shari‘a. Those who study deeply and reflect on their inner world and the outer world do not fall into pride (by ascribing any accomplishment and the favors they have received to themselves,) nor do they fall into mental and spiritual confusions by imputing evils to external causes or Destiny. On the contrary, they attribute to God all of their accomplishments and the favors they receive, rely on Him, and enjoy the pleasure of dependence on Him. As for evils, they ascribe them to themselves and turn to God with repentance, penitence and contrition, feeling pangs of separation from Him and pleasures in the expectation of again meeting with Him. Since they regard their existence as a shadow of the light of the Divine Existence, they never consider that they have independent self-existence, nor do they need to be preoccupied with such notions as Unity of Being and Unity of the Witnessed. With the conviction that their existence, with all its attributes and potentials and whatever endowment they have been granted, are all from Him, then they live with the pleasure or the hope of His company, and act in thankfulness for being on the way to Him. They never value or esteem easy behavior or utterances that suggest self-pride and self-complacency.

The basic essentials of this way were once expressed by the present author as follows:

O friends, come and listen, O friends!
Our way is the way of zeal;
The comrades satisfied with belief,
thorns are roses for us.
Thanks to Him, we have seen the Face of the Ultimate Truth,
and found the very essence of everything.
We have adopted His every word as a principle;
and His Speech is evidence for us.
All strength by which we are strong is His;
we are known for His Name, by Which we act,
and travel, going beyond the summits;
all difficulties are easy for us to surmount.
We have no wealth but are extremely wealthy;
and are noble and honored by relation to Him.
Reflection is our way; and everything, wet or dry,
is a source of knowledge of God for us.
Plains, residences, and deserts,
all voices mention Him throughout the universe;
roses of all colors that have opened,
each is a message to us from Him.
You know us from serving God with utmost zeal;
our work is always thinking of Him.
And what we will always do and declare:
His Book is the guide for us.
We have found Him and submitted to Him;
and been saved from grief and despair.
We were sullied but have been cleaned;
His Mercy is the ocean in which we were cleaned.

O Lord! Accept my repentance, and clean me of the dirt, answer my prayers, secure my place in religion, guide my heart, make my voice always speak the truth, and root out all kinds of hatred and envy from my heart. And bestow Your blessings and peace on our master and support Muhammad, and on his Family and Companions, all of them.

In contemplating the profound messages delivered by prophets throughout history, such as the teachings of Prophet Muhammad, one cannot help but recognize their universal appeal and the inclusive language in which they were conveyed. These messengers of wisdom reached out to humanity at all levels, employing words that were not only comprehensible but also deeply inspiring. I often find myself looking at the world through the lens of physics due to my physics background, perceiving intricate connections and implications for our social existence. While my words are firmly grounded in the profound teachings of these revered figures, which I may never fully grasp with my limited expressions, my exploration invariably leads me to frequent references to the laws of physics. It is within this intriguing convergence of spiritual wisdom and scientific understanding that we embark on a journey to explore the concept of mirrors – not just as physical objects but as powerful metaphors that illuminate our path toward greater understanding, compassion, and enlightenment.

Let’s begin with one of these profound pearls of wisdom: “The believer is a mirror to his/her faithful fellow believer who protects them against loss and defends them behind their back.” The person who conveyed this saying, Abu Huraira, also shared his understanding in the presence of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh): “The believer is a mirror to his brother/sister. If he sees something wrong with them, he should correct it.” I believe that Abu Huraira’s interpretation of this hadith is direct and accurate. When we gaze into a mirror, we correct our appearance and enhance our presentation by viewing ourselves from an ‘outsider’ perspective while still remaining within ourselves. The image we observe in the mirror represents “us,” yet it is not us. We can analyze the image’s features, attributes, and relation to the object or person in front of the mirror. This image metaphor brings to mind the biblical passage, “God Created Humanity in His Image” (Genesis 1:26-31, Psalm 8:1-9, 1 Corinthians 15:47-49). Additionally, in paying tribute to Abu Huraira, who has inspired our discussion, we recall the words of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh): “Allah created Adam in His image” (Sahih al-Bukhari 6227).

Now, let’s direct our focus towards the fundamental laws of reflection, which are at the core of a mirror’s function. One of the three laws of reflection states that “the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection when a beam of light strikes the reflecting surface. The reflected ray, incident ray, and normal lie on the same plane.” I understand that this sentence may appear quite complex, and filled with technical terminology. However, for reflection to take place effectively, everything must align harmoniously. This includes the incoming light, the mirror, and the reflected light. In a similar vein, a believer with sincere conviction, dedication, and faith finds themselves on a vast platform supported by the pillars of belief. Just as in the realm of optics where a mirror reflects light, in the realm of faith, every other believer can serve as a metaphorical mirror, revealing different aspects, dimensions, or angles of a fellow believer. This reflection is possible as long as they share the same plane of belief, understanding, mutual love, and cooperation.

Consider risky situations as analogous to mirrors placed on cars, roads, and sharp corners to prevent accidents. For instance, convex mirrors are particularly valuable in enhancing road safety because they aid in collision avoidance. These convex or domed mirrors provide a wide-angle view, enabling drivers to assess potentially hazardous intersections and see traffic around corners. Similarly, in our lives, we require individuals who serve as mirrors in various facets. Some reveal the risks of our life journeys, while others guide us in making decisions when we may not possess the full picture.

We are also familiar with face mirrors that magnify the objects they reflect, helping us discern details that might otherwise escape our notice. Are not some of the people in our lives akin to concave mirrors in this context? We might overlook or disregard seemingly insignificant details, yet they offer a broader perspective on these aspects, aiding us in making informed choices. Just as mirrors come in various sizes, shapes, and geometries, individuals in our lives exhibit diverse characteristics and qualities. Additionally, devices like kaleidoscopes, periscopes, and telescopes employ clever combinations or arrays of mirrors. The number, positioning, and alignment of these mirrors yield valuable outcomes and insights for us.

When we place two plane mirrors facing each other, between them, we see a corridor that extends to ‘infinity.’ Consider, for a moment, a close friend of yours with whom you share numerous common interests, understand each other deeply, and resonate harmoniously. In their presence, you never wish to part, cherishing endless conversations, because this person serves as a true mirror for you, with their heart perfectly aligned before you. In a sense, despite physical boundaries, you venture into the limitless corridors of companionship. As Bediuzzaman Said Nursi eloquently expresses regarding spouses: “Yes, the greatest fulfillment of a person’s needs is the presence of a heart corresponding to their own, so that both sides may exchange their love, passion, and enthusiasm, and share in pleasures together, and assist and support each other in times of sorrow and sadness.” This sentiment can be applied to spouses who are believers, serving as absolute perfect mirrors for each other.

We all know that, like everything in life, mirrors also require cleaning, care, and attention. They are fragile and delicate. They faithfully provide a complete reflection whenever you glance at them. Mirrors do not rely on batteries or electricity; they promptly and without delay respond with reflections. With consistent effort, positive investment, and proper care, you can combine multiple mirrors to gain deeper insights into the world or expand your horizons into heavenly realms. They compensate for your weaknesses, fill in your blind spots, and bring light from places where direct illumination is not possible. Indeed, every being in the universe serves as a mirror reflecting beauty, art, intelligence, compassion, and more.

Luminous entities spread, reflect, and exist in many places swiftly, while solid and concrete objects are confined to their immediate surroundings and require greater effort to transform and move. Just like a bubble contains the entire image of the Sun, qualities such as goodness, compassion, mercy, kindness, charity, smiles, care, and sincerity are light-like illuminating qualities that need mirrors to reflect them.

Connect with people, reflect the light you receive to others, be a mirror for others, and receive radiance at different wavelengths and frequencies. Amidst layers of darkness, let your gleam shine without concern for its apparent size. You will encounter mirrors in the darkness; as long as you reflect their faint glimmer, they will join you in challenging obscurities and darkness.

Among the captivating sciences that humanity has explored, mathematics holds a prominent place. Mathematics has always been an essential part of our daily life, from the fundamentals of arithmetic and algebra to the complexity of calculus and beyond. Math is a critical element of our problem-solving process, whether we’re buying groceries, calculating taxes, or analyzing data. But, besides being a vital skill, mathematics has numerous benefits for our brain and overall health. While it may seem like learning math is a daunting and insurmountable task, even small efforts to improve our math skills can have significant benefits for our brains. This article will examine how learning math can help us improve our cognitive capacities, promote healthy aging, and increase our overall well-being.

Mathematics promotes neuroplasticity

The acquisition of arithmetic skills fosters neuroplasticity, highlighting one of its major cognitive benefits. Neuroplasticity is the ability of the brain to change through time, allowing us to learn, adapt, and grow. According to research, engaging in mathematical activities such as problem-solving, mental calculations, and arithmetic practice can enhance neural connections and promote the formation of new brain cells. The underlying principle allows for learning and memory, which is critical for our total cognitive health. Mathematics includes both tangible and abstract thinking, which can aid in the development of brain muscles. When we perform mathematical tasks, neurons are activated together, strengthening their connections. As a result, brain plasticity increases, and cognitive function improves. The more we practice arithmetic, the stronger our neural connections become, which leads to improved memory, reasoning, and problem-solving abilities.

The neuro-scientific theory that explains how neural connections are formed in the brain is called the Hebbian principle. According to this principle, when two neurons are consistently activated simultaneously their relationship becomes more robust. In other words, the more frequently we use a particular neural pathway, the stronger it becomes. This is commonly phrased as “neurons that fire together wire together.” An example of the Hebbian principle in action is London taxi drivers. It has been found that many taxi drivers in London have a significantly larger hippocampus, the part of the brain responsible for spatial navigation and memory. This is believed to be in relation to the fact that these drivers study and practice London’s complex network of streets and landmarks extensively so they can navigate entirely from memory. They are even required to take a knowledge test for this, which is famously challenging. The test, which is called the Knowledge, involves memorizing over 25,000 streets and 20,000 landmarks within a six-mile radius of Charing Cross. In addition to street names and landmarks, the test includes questions about the most efficient routes between locations, traffic regulations, and historical and cultural information about London. The amount of information that needs to be memorized for the Knowledge test is significant and requires extensive training and practice to master. By navigating the city’s streets and landmarks repeatedly, taxi drivers activate the same neural pathways in their hippocampus frequently. This consistent activation strengthens the connections between the neurons in their hippocampus, resulting in a more extensive and efficient neural network. Similarly, learning mathematics requires us to consistently activate specific neural pathways in the brain, strengthening the connections between neurons and promoting neuroplasticity. By engaging in mathematical activities regularly, we can increase our capacity for abstract and concrete reasoning and improve our problem-solving skills and capacity for systemic thinking. These skills strengthen our mathematical abilities, enhance our cognitive abilities, and promote brain health.

Mathematics improves our cognitive abilities

Learning mathematics has been shown to improve cognitive abilities across our life span. Working memory stands as a crucial cognitive skill imperative for achieving proficiency in mathematics. Our cognitive ability to retain information in our minds is closely linked to mathematical performance. Basic math processes, such as counting apples in a basket, are simple examples of working memory. In contrast, calculating statistical significance and computing derivatives are complex examples. Mathematics is a problem-solving process that requires a lot of focus on the problem. When we have good selective attention, we can quickly discover the irrelevant parts of a complex issue. This process of particular attention allows us to focus our mental resources on the most relevant aspects of the problem, leading to improved problem-solving abilities. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that engaging in mathematics enhances our attention and inhibition capabilities, crucial for effective cognitive control. Cognitive control involves maintaining attention and focus, inhibiting irrelevant information, and switching between tasks efficiently. These abilities are crucial for academic success and overall mental health.

Engaging in mathematics may promote healthy aging of the brain

Despite the decline in cognitive abilities that accompanies aging, research indicates that mathematicians retain an advantage in preserving their cognitive functions, particularly in tasks related to executive functioning and short-term memory. Older individuals practicing mathematics not only experience these benefits but also receive a recommendation from neurology scientists to hone their mathematical skills. Increasing evidence suggests that individuals who engage their brains through activities such as mathematics are less susceptible to the development of Alzheimer’s and dementia. Consequently, the study of mathematics not only pushes individuals beyond their comfort zones but also provides a stimulating challenge for the brain, potentially mitigating the risk of this irreversible cognitive disorder. There have been several studies that suggest that engaging in math may promote the healthy aging of the brain. For example, a study published in the Journal of Neuroscience in 2013 found that older adults who engaged in cognitive activities such as playing games, reading books, and doing puzzles had less brain atrophy than those who did not. The study also found that the participants who engaged in more complex cognitive activities, such as learning a new language or doing challenging math problems, had even more excellent protection against brain atrophy. Another study published in the journal Neurology in 2017 found that people who engaged in more intellectually stimulating activities, including reading, writing, and doing puzzles, had a slower rate of cognitive decline than those who did not engage in these activities. The study found that this effect was powerful for people who played chess, took classes, or did math problems. A 2018 study published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease found that older adults who engaged in more intellectual activities, including reading, writing, and doing math problems, had superior cognitive function compared to those who did not engage in these activities. The study found that participants who engaged in more complex mental activities, such as learning a new language or completing challenging math problems, had even greater cognitive function.

Mathematics can contribute to healthy aging by enhancing overall brain health. Engaging in mathematical activities encourages the growth of new brain cells and strengthens existing neural connections. This can help prevent age-related cognitive decline and diseases like Alzheimer’s and dementia. Moreover, studies have revealed that engaging in mathematical training can augment the size and activity of brain regions associated with problem-solving, spatial reasoning, and cognitive flexibility. With age, these regions typically diminish and decrease in activity, potentially leading to cognitive decline. However, consistent involvement in mathematical activities can serve to safeguard these critical brain functions, thereby fostering healthy aging. In addition to promoting brain health and cognitive abilities, learning mathematics can also benefit physical and psychological health. Participating in group math activities has been shown to have a positive effect on overall well-being and may even reduce the risk of developing dementia.

Mathematics serves as a means to comprehend and interpret the intricacies of the world. From deciphering natural patterns to unraveling the complexities of the universe, mathematics equips us with the tools to grasp and analyze the phenomena that shape our existence.

Even small efforts to improve our math skills can have significant benefits for our brains. Embracing mathematics represents a holistic mental exercise that fosters neuroplasticity, advances cognitive faculties, supports healthy aging, and uplifts overall well-being. By embracing math and challenging ourselves to learn new concepts, we can improve our brain health and become more well-rounded individuals. Mastering mathematics transcends the realm of equations and formulas; it offers an invitation to individuals of all ages and walks of life to embark on a journey of intellectual enrichment. Whether you’re a student, a professional, or a retiree, there is always an opportune moment to commence your mathematical exploration and savor its myriad benefits.

My fate has led me to love you, O Prophet, above all else.

In the fervor of your love, let my soul be consumed,

till Resurrection’s dawn has bloomed.

Captivated by your beauty’s gleam,

I wander and sigh, lost in a dream,

Perhaps unaware, bowed my face

in the wake of your grace.

Unveil my chest, witness the fire of longing within,

And my tears cascading in my heart’s hues,

unfazed by the weight of life’s turbulent dues,

for in your grace is the remedy.

Please, just take my hand and say, “He is with me.”

Years on this path, devoid of comfort or rest,

Falling and rising, weary and distressed,

Despair lingers, as hope fades from sight,

Show me a favor, restore my inner light.

Rise in my soul, let it sing like the reed flute,

Share the mysteries you know, make my heart follow suit,

Remember this servant, lost in life’s maze,

As you offer roses to the Beloved’s grace,

Despite my state not matching your radiant phase.